Fig. 1

Soil properties of collected soil substrates (mean ± SE, n = 5). a TN, (total nitrogen), b TC, (total carbon), c TP, (total phosphorous), d AP, (available phosphorous), e C/N ratio (Total carbon to total nitrogen ratio), f N/P ratio (Total nitrogen to total phosphorous ratio), g clay (< 2 μm), h silt (2–50 μm), and i sand (50–2000 μm). Treatment: control (C), soil deposition (SD), soil erosion (SE), grazing (G), soil deposition plus grazing (SD + G), soil erosion plus grazing (SE + G). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at p < 0.05 among the different treatments